Diversity of Volatile Organic Compounds in leaves of Pimenta dioica L. Merrill at Different Developmental Stages from Fruiting and no-fruiting Trees
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v65i3.1498Keywords:
VOCs, allspice, SPME, terpenesAbstract
Abstract. Pimenta dioica L. Merrill, known as pimienta gorda, xocoxochitl (in Nahuatl) or allspice, is native to Mesoamerica. In Mexico, it has been used since pre-Hispanic times due to its medicinal properties and as a condiment for the preparation of “tamales” and “moles”. The dried fruits have a high economic value due to their flavor and aroma: a combination of cinnamon, nutmeg and clove. For this reason, it is known as allspice in English. Xocoxochitl is a dioecious tree. The fruiting, female trees, have a greater economic importance, while non-fruiting trees, or male trees, function to some extent as pollinators. However, leaves and fruits present similar volatile organic compounds (VOCs) responsible for the already mentioned properties. In order to evaluate the VOCs in leaves at different developmental stages, leaves were collected from: 2-years-old sexually undifferentiated trees and 14-years-old female and male differentiated trees. VOCs were collected and evaluated using SPME-GC-MS. Data obtained show a great diversity of VOCs at all leaf developmental stages, regardless of the tree analyzed. The dried fruit essential oil is highly valued by the international industry, but the leaves have minor use. However, leaves showed a great VOCs richness containing most of the dried fruit compounds. The VOCs profile in female and male trees were also evaluated. Individual VOCs displayed a different relative amount in each leaf developmental stage, as well as specific compounds for each type of tree were identified.
Resumen. Pimenta dioica L. Merrill, conocida como pimienta gorda, xocoxochitl (en náhuatl) o como allspice, es originaria de Mesoamérica. En México, se ha usado desde la época prehispánica debido a sus propiedades medicinales, así como condimento para la preparación de tamales y moles. Los frutos secos tienen un alto valor económico debido a su sabor y aroma: una combinación de canela, nuez moscada y clavo. Por esta razón, en inglés se le llama allspice. Xocoxochitl es un árbol dioico. Los árboles que fructifican, árboles hembra, presentan una mayor importancia económica mientras que los árboles que no fructifican, árboles macho, funcionan en forma limitada como polinizadores. Sin embargo, las hojas y los frutos presentan compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) similares responsables de las características mencionadas. Con el fin de evaluar los COVs presentes en hojas de diferentes estados de desarrollo, se colectaron hojas de árboles no diferenciados de 2 años de edad, así como de árboles diferenciados, hembra y macho, de 14 años de edad. Los COVs fueron colectados y analizados mediante SPME-GC-MS. Los datos obtenidos muestran una riqueza de COVs en todos los estados de desarrollo de la hoja, independientemente del árbol analizado. El aceite esencial del fruto seco es altamente apreciado en la industria internacional, sin embargo, las hojas presentan un menor uso. Además, también se evaluó el perfil de COVs de árboles hembra y macho. Ciertos COVs mostraron una cantidad relativa diferente en cada estado de desarrollo de la hoja, así mismo, se identificaron compuestos específicos para cada tipo de árbol.
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