Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, vol. 65, no. 1, 2021
Sociedad Química de México A.C.
Haydar A. Mohammad-Salim *
Department of Chemistry, University of Zakho, Duhok, Iraq., Iraq
Received: 30 August 2020
Accepted: 30 November 2020
Abstract: The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 with styrene 2 have been studied within molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. These zwitterionic type 32CA reactions occur through a one-step mechanism. The 32CA reactions undergo four stereo- and regioisomeric reaction paths to form four different products, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Analysis of the conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) indices predict the global electronic flux from the strong nucleophilic nitrone 1 to the styrene 2. These 32CA reactions are endergonic with reactions Gibbs free energies between 2.83 and 7.39 kcal.mol-1 in the gas phase. The 32CA reaction leading to the formation of cycloadduct 3 presents the lowest activation enthalpy than the other paths due to a slightly increase in polar character evident from the global electron density transfer (GEDT) at the transition states and along the reaction path. The bonding evolution theory (BET) study suggests that these 32CA reactions occur through the coupling of pseudoradical centers and the formation of new C-C and C-O covalent bonds has not been started in the transition states.
Keywords: Electron localization function, isoxazolidines, [3+2], cycloaddition reactions, molecular electron density theory.
Resumen: Las reacciones de cicloadición [3+2], denotadas como 32CA, entre C-ciclopropil-N-metilnitrona 1 y estireno 2 se estudian mediante la teoría de la densidad electrónica molecular (MEDT) utilizando el nivel de teoría B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). Estas reacciones 32CA de tipo zwiteriónicas se llevan por un mecanimso de un paso. Las reacciones 32CA ocurren a través de cuatro caminos estereo y regioisoméricos de reacción formando cuatro diferentes productos 3, 4, 5 y 6. El análisis de los índices de la teoría conceptual de funcionales de la densidad (CDFT) predice un flujo electrónico global de la nitrona 1, un nucleófilo fuerte, al estireno 2. En fase gaseosa, estas reacciones 32CA son endergónicas con energías libres de Gibbs entre 2.83 y 7.39 kcal.mol-1. La reacción 32CA que lleva a la formación del cicloaducto 3 tiene la menor entalpía de activación de las cuatro consideradas y esto se debe a un ligero incremento en el carácter polar que es evidente con la transferencia global de densidad electrónica (GEDT) en los estados de transición y a lo largo de los caminos de reacción. El esudio mediante la teoría de evolución del enlace (BET) sugiere que estas reacciones 32CA ocurren mediante el acoplamiento de centros pseudoradicales y la formación de nuevos enlaces covalentes C-C y C-O que no han iniciado en el estado de transición
Palabras clave: Función de localización electronica, isoxazolidinas, reacciones de cicloadición, [3+2], teoría de la densidad electrónica molecular.
Introduction
Computational studies on cycloaddition reactions, in recent years, have been the subject of a number of researches due to their wide applications on synthetic organic compounds [1-5]. Among cycloadditions, [3+2] cycloaddition reactions (32CAs) represent versatile process for the synthesis of a system with five membered ring and a large variety of heterocyclic compounds can be synthesized relying on the choice of the three-atom-component (TAC) and the alkenes derivative [6-9]. The 32CA reaction of nitrones as a TCA to alkenes has been widely used during recent two decades as a key step for the construction of various heterocycles that are of great interest in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry [10-13].
In the past few years, the advent of computational chemistry has gradually attracted theoretical chemists to analyze the reactivity and selectivity of organic molecules. A new theoretical outlook for organic reactions was proposed by Domingo in 2016 named the molecular electron density theory (MEDT) after interpretation of a vast array of organic reactivity, majority of them dedicated to Diels-Alder and 32CA reactions [14-18]. This theory analyzes the changes in electron density to study the molecular reactivity and has been successfully applied for several 32CA reactions since last four years.
Various DFT studies carried out within the MEDT devoted to the TACs reactivity participating in 32CAs have allowed establishing a useful classification of 32CAs relying on the electronic structure and the TAC behavior into zwitterionic-type (zw-type), carbenoid-type and pseudodiradical-type reactions [19-21]. The feasibility of the zw-type reactions relies on the polar character of the 32CAs, i.e. the electrophilic character of the nitrones and the nucleophilic character of the alkenes, or vice versa. Nitrones, in general, are good nucleophiles, which make them able to react with electron-deficient alkenes [22].
In this work, a MEDT study at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory is presented for the synthesis of isoxazolidines from 32CA reaction of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 with styrene 2 (Scheme 1), experimentally reported by Bimanand and Houk using chloroform as a solvent [23]. Herein, we studied the analysis of the reactivity indices derived from conceptual DFT for the reagents, the thermodynamic parameters of the 32CA of the nitrone 1 and styrene 2, and the electron localization function (ELF) topological analysis for understanding the bonding changes.
Scheme 1
Four competitive reaction paths associated to the 32CA reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 with styrene 2.
Computational methods
All calculations were done using the Gaussian 16 package [24]. The DFT method with B3LYP functional has been proven to be a suitable method for the study of cycloaddition reactions and is employed in this study [25-27]. B3LYP is used throughout in combination with the 6-311G++(d,p) basis set [28, 29]. The solute-solvent interactions have been considered using the sophisticated polarizable continuum model (PCM)[30]. The investigated solvent was chloroform.
Frequency calculations were performed for the optimized geometries to ensure that a transition state has only one imaginary frequency and that a local minimum has no imaginary frequencies. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) computations were carried out to verify that the minimum energy reaction pathway via a transition state connects with the corresponding reactants and products using the second order González-Schlegel integration method [31].
The Global Electron Density Transfer (GEDT) of the reaction is calculated by the sum of the natural atomic charges, obtained through natural population analysis (NPA), of all the atoms belonging to each framework at the transition states [32]. The enthalpies, Gibbs free energies and entropies were calculated in the gas phase and in chloroform as a solvent with the standard statistical thermodynamics at 298.15 K and 1 atm. The Chimera 1.14 software was used as a graphical interface [33].
The chemical hardness (η) and the electronic chemical potential (µ) quantities may be approached in terms of the one electron energies of Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO), εHOMO and εLUMO, as in Equation 1 and 2, respectively [34, 35]. The global electrophilicity index (ω) is calculated using Equation 3 [36]. The relative nucleophilicity index (N) is obtained based on the energies of HOMO within the scheme of Kohn-Sham [37]. This quantity can be defined as in Equation 4. The tetracyanoethylene (TCE) is chosen as reference due to its lowest HOMO energy [38].
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)Results and discussion
ELF topological analysis of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 with styrene 2
The ELF establishes a straightforward quantitative connection between the electron density distribution and the chemical structure [39, 40]. Herein, the reactivity of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 in 32CA reactions is studied from the ELF topological analysis. Additionally, the ELF of styrene 2 was also examined. The most significant valence basin populations are listed in Table 1, while the ELF localization domains of the reagents are given in Fig. 1.
B3LYP/6-311G++(d,p) calculated most significant ELF valence basin populations at C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2. ELF valence basin populations are given in average number of electrons, e.
Fig. 1
B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculated ELF localisation domains represented at an isosurface value of ELF = 0.80 of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2.
The ELF topology of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 shows the presence of two V(O1) and V'(O1) monosynaptic basins having a total population of 5.92 e, a V(N2,O1) disynaptic basin and a V(N2,C3) disynaptic basin integrating population of 1.39 e and 3.88 e, respectively. The V(O1) and V'(O1) monosynaptic basins represent the non-bonding electron density of the O1 oxygen lone pairs. The V(N2,C3) disynaptic basins can be associated with the underpopulated N2-C3 double bond, while V(N2,O1) disynaptic basin is associated with underpopulated N2-O1 single bond. Thus, C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 can be classified as zw-type TAC due to the absence of carbenoid or pseudoradical centers [41-44]. This suggests participation of nitrone 1 in zw-type 32CA reactions associated with high activation energies [44].
After establishing the bonding pattern of the reagents, the atomic charge distribution of nitrone 1 and styrene 2 was analyzed through NPA (Fig. 2). O1 oxygen atom of nitrone 1 is negatively charged ( -0.568 e). C3 carbon shows charge of 0.036 e, while N2 nitrogen is positively charged (0.060 e). This suggests charge separation in the nitrone although differing from the charges expected by the Lewis's bonding model. Although nitrone 1 is classified as a "zwitterionic" TAC from ELF study, this terminology is not synonymous to the dipolar electronic structure of the nitrones. Instead, it indicates the specific bonding pattern (considering no charges) of the resonance Lewis structure represented by Huisgen for “1,3-dipoles" [21].
Fig. 2
B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculated natural atomic charges, in average number of electrons e, of nitrone 1 and styrene 2. Negative charges are colored in red, and positive charges in blue.
Analysis of the CDFT indices of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2
The conceptual CDFT indices provides an initial understanding of the reactivity of organic molecules [14, 45, 46]. The CDFT indices were calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational level since this level was used to define the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity scales [47, 48]. The electronic chemical potential, μ, chemical hardness, ɳ, electrophilicity, ω, and nucleophilicity, N, at the ground state of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 are listed in Table 2.
The chemical hardness η, electronic chemical potential μ, global nucleophilicity N and global electrophilicity ω, in eV, of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory.
The electronic chemical potential μ of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1, μ= -3.34 eV, is higher than those of styrene 2, which is -3.88 eV. The electrophilicity ω and nucleophilicity N indices of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 are 1.12 and 3.65 eV respectively, being classified a marginal electrophile and strong nucleophile within the corresponding scales [47, 48].
The electrophilicity ω and nucleophilicity N indices of styrene 2 are 1.49 and 3.09 eV respectively; being is classified as a marginal electrophile and strong nucleophile. Therefore, C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 will participate as a nucleophile and styrene 2 will participate as an electrophile.
Analysis of the reaction paths associated with the 32CA reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2
Due to the molecular asymmetry of styrene 2, four reaction paths are feasible for these 32CA reactions (see Scheme 1). The search for the stationary points involved in the reaction paths associated to these 32CA reactions allowed characterizing the reactants, 1 and 2, four TSs for 32CA reaction, TS1-ex, TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en, and the corresponding products 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively, (see Scheme 1). The relative energies and thermodynamic data of TSs and cycloadducts are given in Table 3.
B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculated relative energies, enthalpies and Gibbs free energies, in kcal.mol-1, computed at 298K of the stationary points involved in the 32CA reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2.
The activation enthalpies associated with these 32CA reactions are TS1-ex, 20.61, TS1-en, 22.35, TS2-ex, 24.51 and TS2-en, 25.37 kcal.mol-1 in the gas phase, and TS1-ex, 22.84, TS1-en, 23.84, TS2-ex, 27.58 and TS2-en, 28.62 kcal.mol-1 in chloroform at 298 K; the reactions being exothermic between 11.94 to 9.82 kcal.mol-1 in the gas phase, and between 7.72 to 4.56 kcal.mol-1 in chloroform.
Analysis of the relative enthalpies allows establishing some appealing conclusions: i) the 32CA reaction between C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 leading the formation of cycloadduct 3 presents the lowest activation enthalpy; 20.61 kcal.mol-1 in the gas phase and 22.84 kcal.mol-1 in chloroform. ii) the activation enthalpy for this 32CA reaction that correspond for the formation of cycloadducts 3 is lowered by about 4 kcal.mol-1 in both the gas phase and in chloroform. iii) the reaction enthalpy for cycloadduct 3 obtained from the 32CA reaction between C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 is lowered than that of 5 by about 2 kcal.mol-1 in the gas phase and in chloroform. v) These 32CA reactions are endergonic with reactions Gibbs free energies between 2.83 and 7.39 kcalmole-1 in the gas phase. vi) the inclusion of solvent effect of chloroform slightly increases the activation enthalpies and slightly increases the reaction enthalpies.
The B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) optimized geometries of TSs are given in Fig. 3. In gas phase, the distances between C3 and C4, and O1 and C5 interacting centers at the transition states are: 2.05 and 2.30 Å at TS1-ex, 2.06 and 2.77 Å at TS1-en, 1.98 and 2.18 Å at 1 TS2-ex and 1.92 and 2.30 Å at TS2-en, respectively. The TSs geometries show similar trend and minimal changes on inclusion of solvent effect in chloroform. Considering that the C-O and C-N bond formation begins at the distances of 1.70-1.79 and 1.90-1.80 Å respectively, these geometrical parameters indicate that at the at all TSs, the formation of the C-O or C-N single bonds has not yet begun [15]. Similar results were found by Domingo and Ríos‐Gutiérrez for the reaction of the 32CA reaction of nitrone and nitrile ylide with ethylene [15].
Fig. 3
B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)optimized geometries of the transition states involved in the 32CA reaction of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2. Bond lengths are given in Angstroms. The values in parenthesis are calculated in chloroform.
The polar nature of the 32CA reactions was analyzed by GEDT calculations [32]. The GEDT values in the gas phase at the TSs are 0.001 e at TS1-ex, 0.011 e at TS1-en, 0.011 e at TS2-ex, and 0.020 e at TS2-en (see Table 3). Similar values of GEDT were obtained for all TSs in chloroform as a solvent. The favorable TS1-ex with lower activation energies leading to more stable cycloadducts 3 show lower GEDT values compared to the other TSs, owing to the dependence of the GEDT on three factors- the nucleophilicity and the electrophilicity of the reagents, and the distance between the two frameworks, the TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en are more energetic and more advanced, which makes the GEDT higher at these TSs [32, 49].
The BET study of the 32CA reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2
Herein, a study of the BETs for TS1-ex of the 32CA reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 is presented. The 32CA reaction of 1 with 2 takes place along seven different phases (see Table 4) [50]. Phase I corresponds to the starting phase of the IRCs. S0 (see Table 4) at dO1-C5 = 3.21 Å is the representative IRC points of the phase I for the first path of the reaction. ELF of S0 is similar to that of the separated reagents.
ELF valence basin populations, the GEDT values and distances of the forming bonds of the IRC structures S0-S6 and 3 defining the eight phases characterizing the molecular mechanism of the 32CA reaction of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 yielding product 3. Distances, d(C5-O1) and d(C3-C4), are given in angstroms, Å.
Phase II starts at S1, d(O1-C5) = 2.41 Å and d(C3-C4) = 2.29 Å. S1 shows the formation of V(N2) monosynaptic basin integrating at 1.04 e. The electron density for formation of V(N2) monosynaptic basin in S1 is derived from V(N2,C3) disynaptic basin which shows depopulation from 3.88 e in S0 to 2.80 e in S1. Interestingly, S1 shows GEDT values of 0.039. This suggests increased polar character and hence lower energy requirement to reach S1.
Phase III starts at S2, d(O1-C5) = 2.11 Å and d(C3-C4) = 2.17 Å, and this shows the formation of V(C3) and V(C4) monosynaptic basins integrating at 0.34 e. The electron density demanded for the formation of this monosynaptic basin comes from the depopulation of the C4-C5 bonding region, which has been depopulated by about 0.45 e. S2 shows the GEDT value of 0.006. As shown in Fig. 4, TS1-ex belongs to Phase III. This suggests that the relative energies of the TSs correspond to the energy cost for the formation of pseudoradicals centers at the reacting nuclei. This 32CA reaction involves early TS with no new covalent bond formation. Phase IV starts at S3, d(O1-C5) = 2.05 Å and d(C3-C4) = 2.10 Å. S3 shows the formation of V(C4) monosynaptic basin integrating at 0.37, which is formed by deriving electron density from V(N2,C3) disynaptic basin and S3 shows the GEDT value of 0.015.
Fig. 4
ELF topological phases for [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2. The red line indicates the position of TS1, the phases are shown as colored regions defined by points along the IRC.
Phase V starts at S4, d(O1-C5) = 1.95 Å and d(C3-C4) = 1.98 Å, with the formation of pseudoradical center at C5 integrating at 0.22 e. Phase VI starts at S5 for the, dO1-C5 = 1.68 Å and dC3-C4= 1.69 Å. At this structure, while the V(C3) and V(C4) monosynaptic basin presents at S3 is missing in S4. At the beginning of this phase the first more relevant change along the IRCs takes place. The first C3-C4 single bond formation begins at the C3-C4 distance of 1.69 Å, characterised by the creation of disynaptic basin V(C3, C4) integrating 1.75 e.
Finally, the last Phase VII starts at S6, d(O1-C5) = 1.58 Å and d(C3-C4) = 1.63 Å, the second more relevant change along the IRC takes place. At these structures, a new V(O1,C5) disynaptic basin is created integrating 0.96 e, while the V(C5) monosynaptic basins is disappeared. This relevant topological change indicates that the formation of the second O1-C5 single bond has started, through the C- to -O coupling of the electron density of the C5 pseudoradical carbon and part of the non-bonding electron density of the O1 oxygen lone pairs. The molecular electron density, along this phase, is relaxed to reach the structure of product 3 in the 32CA reaction, in which the population of the V(C3,C4) and V(O1,C5) disynaptic basins reach a population of 1.86 e and 1.14 e, respectively.
ELF Topological analysis of at TS1-ex, TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en
The ELF topological analysis of TS1-ex, TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en were analyzed and compared. Table 5 shows the populations of the most significant valence basin at TS1-ex, TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en, whereas Fig. 5 represents the ELF localization domains. ELF of the four TSs shows the presence of two monosynaptic basins, V(O1) and V'(O1), which are associated with the non-bonding electron densities at the O1 oxygen, already present in C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 (see Tables 1 and 4).
B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculated most significant ELF valence basin populations at the TSs.
Fig. 5
Pictorial representation of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) ELF localization domains of TS1-ex, TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en represented at an isosurface value of ELF = 0.85. Monosynaptic basins are shown in red, disynaptic basins are shown in green and protonated basins are shown in blue. The attractors are shown in violet color.
ELF topological analysis of TS1-ex, TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en also displays the presence of single V(N2) monosynaptic basin, integrating 1.46- 1.59 e, which comes from the depopulation of the N2-C3 bonding region. The N2-C3 bonding region undergoes a depopulation of the electron density from 3.88 e in 1 to 2.32 e, 2.31 e, 2.34 e and 2.34 e in TS1-ex, TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en, respectively.
At the styrene framework, a disynaptic basin, V(C4,C5), associated with C4-C5 bonding region integrating a total population of 2.75 e (TS1-ex), 2.75 (TS1-en), 2.76 e (TS2-ex) and 2.77 e (TS2-en) is observed. The ELF of transition states show the presence of single V(C4) monosynaptic basin integrating at 0.37 e,0.40 e, 0.40 e and 0.39 e for TS1-ex, TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en, respectively, and single V(C3) monosynaptic basin is also observed for TS1-ex, TS1-en, TS2-ex and TS2-en integrating at 0.54 e, 0.55 e, 0.47 e and 0.44 e, respectively. The V(O1,C5) and V(C3,C4) disynaptic basin at TS1 and TS2 are not appeared, which indicates that the formation of O1-C5 and C3-C4 single bonds has not yet started.
Conclusion
The 32CA reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 has been studied within MEDT at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The ELF topological analysis of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 clearly indicates that this TAC participate in zw-type 32CA. The 32CA reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 takes place through a one-step mechanism. The global electronic flux from the nitrone 1 to the styrene 2 is predicted, owing to the high electronic chemical potential and strong nucleophilicity of the nitrone 1 relative to the styrene 2. These 32CA reactions are endergonic with positive free energy of reaction. The activation enthalpy for 32CA reaction leading for the formation of product 3 is lower than the other paths. Analysis of the geometrical parameters indicates that at all TSs, the formation of the C-O or C-N single bonds has not yet begun.
The BET analysis of the 32CA reactions of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 leading to the formation of 3 shows the formation of N2 non-bonding electron density regions at the beginning of the reaction with the GEDT of 0.051 e. Consequently, increase in GEDT accounts for the lowering of energy cost along the reaction paths. The present MEDT study allows concluding that the higher acceleration for the zw-type 32CA reaction of C-cyclopropyl-N-methylnitrone 1 and styrene 2 passing through TS1-ex is a consequence of the regioselectivity of this 32CA reaction.
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge the Department of Chemistry in University of Zakho and Department of Chemistry in Salahaddin University.
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Author notes
*Corresponding author: Haydar A. Mohammad-Salim, email: Hayder.salim@uoz.edu.krd
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